How Long Does It Take To Get A Fingerprint Clearance Card In Az
This article originally appeared in Universe Today in July, 2012, but it'south been updated with a related video.
The planet Mars is i of the brightest objects in the night sky, hands visible with the unaided eye as a bright carmine star. Every 2 years or and then, Mars and Earth accomplish their closest bespeak, called "opposition", when Mars tin be equally close as 55,000,000 km from Earth. And every two years, space agencies take advantage of this orbital alignment to send spacecraft to the Ruddy Planet. How long does it accept to get to Mars?
The full journey time from Globe to Mars takes between 150-300 days depending on the speed of the launch, the alignment of Earth and Mars, and the length of the journeying the spacecraft takes to reach its target. It really just depends on how much fuel yous're willing to burn down to get there. More than fuel, shorter travel time.
History of Going to Mars:
The beginning spacecraft ever to make the journeying from Earth to Mars was NASA's Mariner four, which launched on November 28, 1964 and arrived at Mars July 14, 1965, successfully taking a series of 21 photographs. Mariner 4'south total flight fourth dimension was 228 days.
The side by side successful mission to Mars was Mariner vi, which blasted off on February 25, 1969 and reached the planet on July 31, 1969; a flight time of only 156 days. The successful Mariner vii only required 131 days to make the journey.
Mariner 9, the commencement spacecraft to successfully go into orbit effectually Mars launched on May 30, 1971, and arrived November xiii, 1971 for a duration of 167 days. This is the same pattern that has held up for more almost 50 years of Mars exploration: approximately 150-300 days.
Here are some more than examples:
- Viking 1 (1976) – 335 days
- Viking 2 (1976) – 360 days
- Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006) – 210 days
- Phoenix Lander (2008) – 295 days
- Curiosity Lander (2012) – 253 days
Why Does it Take Then Long?:
When you consider the fact that Mars is but 55 million km abroad, and the spacecraft are travelling in excess of 20,000 km/hour, yous would look the spacecraft to make the journey in nearly 115 days, only it takes much longer. This is considering both Globe and Mars are orbiting around the Sun. You can't point directly at Mars and start firing your rockets, because by the time you got in that location, Mars would have already moved. Instead, spacecraft launched from Earth need to be pointed at where Mars is going to be.
The other constraint is fuel. Once again, if you had an unlimited corporeality of fuel, you'd point your spacecraft at Mars, fire your rockets to the halfway point of the journey, then turn around and decelerate for the last half of the journeying. You lot could cut your travel fourth dimension downward to a fraction of the electric current rate – just you would need an impossible corporeality of fuel.
How to Get to Mars with the Least Amount of Fuel:
The primary concern of engineers is how to go a spacecraft to Mars, on the least amount of fuel. Robots don't actually care about the hostile surroundings of infinite, so information technology makes sense to decrease the launch costs of the rocket as much equally possible.
NASA engineers use a method of travel called a Hohmann Transfer Orbit – or a Minimum Free energy Transfer Orbit – to send a spacecraft from Earth to Mars with the to the lowest degree amount of fuel possible. The technique was beginning proposed past Walter Hohmann who published the starting time description of the maneuver in 1925.
Instead of pointing your rocket straight at Mars, y'all heave the orbit of your spacecraft so that it'southward following a larger orbit around the Dominicus than the Globe. Somewhen that orbit will intersect the orbit of Mars – at the exact moment that Mars is there likewise.
If you lot need to launch with less fuel, you just take longer to heighten your orbit, and increase the journeying to Mars.
Other Ideas to Subtract the Travel Time to Mars:
Although it requires some patience to look for a spacecraft to travel 250 days to reach Mars, we might want a completely different propulsion method if nosotros're sending humans. Space is a hostile place, and the radiation of interplanetary space might pose a longterm health hazard to human astronauts. The groundwork cosmic rays inflict a constant barrage of cancer-inducing radiation, but there's a bigger risk of massive solar storms, which could kill unprotected astronauts in a few hours. If you tin decrease the travel time, you reduce the amount of time astronauts are getting pelted with radiations, and minimize the amount of supplies they need to comport for a return journey.
Go Nuclear:
One idea is nuclear rockets, which heat upwards a working fluid – like hydrogen – to intense temperatures in a nuclear reactor, and then blast information technology out a rocket nozzle at loftier velocities to create thrust. Considering nuclear fuels are far more energy dense than chemical rockets, you could get a higher thrust velocity with less fuel. It'due south proposed that a nuclear rocket could subtract the travel fourth dimension downward to well-nigh seven months
Get Magnetic:
Another proposal is a engineering science called the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (or VASIMR). This is an electromagnetic thruster which uses radio waves to ionize and heat a propellant. This creates an ionized gas called plasma which can be magnetically thrust out the back of the spacecraft at high velocities. Former astronaut Franklin Chang-Diaz is pioneering the evolution of this engineering, and a prototype is expected to be installed on the International Infinite Station to aid it maintain its altitude above Globe. In a mission to Mars, a VASIMR rocket could reduce the travel fourth dimension down to v months.
Go Antimatter:
Perhaps one of the about extreme proposals would be to apply an antimatter rocket. Created in particle accelerators, antimatter is the nearly dense fuel you could possibly use. When atoms of matter run across atoms of antimatter, they transform into pure energy, every bit predicted by Albert Einstein'due south famous equation: Eastward = mcii. Just x milligrams of antimatter would be needed to propel a homo mission to Mars in merely 45 days. But then, producing even that minuscule amount of antimatter would cost well-nigh $250 1000000.
Time to come Missions to Mars:
Even though some incredible technologies accept been proposed to shorten the travel fourth dimension to Mars, engineers will be using the tried and true methods of following minimum free energy transfer orbits using chemical rockets. NASA'south MAVEN mission will launch in 2013 using this technique, as well ESA's ExoMars missions. It might be a few decades before other methods become common techniques.
Research further:
Data virtually Interplanetary Orbits – NASA
seven Minutes of Terror – The Challenge of Landing at Mars
NASA Proposal for a nuclear rocket engine
Hohmann Transfer Orbits – Iowa State University
Minimum Transfers and Interplanetary Orbits
New and Improved Antimatter Infinite Ship for Mars Missions – NASA
Astronomy Cast Episode 84: Getting Around the Solar Organization
Related Stories from Universe Today:
Travel to Mars in Merely 39 Days
A One Manner, 1 Person Mission to Mars
Could a Human Mission to Mars exist Funded Commercially?
How Will MSL Navigate to Mars? Very Carefully
A Cheap Solution to Getting to Mars?
Why have so many missions to Mars failed?
This article originally appeared in Universe Today in July, 2012, but information technology'due south been updated with a related video.
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